Ten Red-Flags That Lead to IRS Audits

The latest issue of Money magazine has an article by Donna Rosato on how to file a tax return that won’t raise red flags with the IRS. Rosato writes:

Some 12 percent of people admit they think it’s acceptable to cheat on their taxes. No wonder IRS Commissioner Mark Everson has made it his top priority to go after those who shortchange the government. These few bad seeds can spell trouble for you, even if you play (mostly) on the right side of the rules. An iffy deduction here or a large write-off there could get your filing flagged for a time-consuming and potentially costly audit.

Rosato notes that while 1% of taxpayers are audited every year, a “middle-income wager earner with a straightforward return” probably doesn’t have to worry. Curious, I did a bit more research.

First, it’s helpful to know what an audit flag is. Most tax returns are processed by IRS computers. The computers are programmed to watch for anything out of the ordinary, anything that strays too far from statistical norms. An item that falls outside the norm may be “flagged”, increasing the likelihood that a return will be audited. A flagged return will be manually reviewed by an IRS employee to determine if there’s an actual need for an audit. Audit flags don’t guarantee you’ll be audited, but they do mean that the IRS will probably take a closer look at your return.

Personal Taxes
Here are ten of the most common ways to bring your personal return to the attention of the Internal Revenue Service.

• Incomplete or sloppy returns — Math errors and missing information prompt scrutiny, as you’d expect. If the IRS computer can’t make sense of what you’ve filed, a human has to check to find the mistake. This is one reason to file electronically: computers help to catch bonehead errors.
• Unreported income — This is a no-brainer. If you file a return but fail to report income received, you’re heading for trouble. All of your interest, dividends, and miscellaneous income must be reported. Remember: everyone who sends you a 1099 is also sending one to the IRS.
• Suspiciously low income — If you’re making much less than others in the same profession, that raises a flag.
• Having a high income — Though fewer than one-percent of taxpayers are audited each year, those making over $100,000 are five times more likely to come under scrutiny.
• Drastic changes in income — Unexplained fluctuations in income can indicate that something was underreported somewhere. Most people don’t have income that swings wildly up-and-down, and the IRS knows it.
• Round numbers — It’s unlikely that your investment returns were exactly $500, or that your mortgage interest deduction was $10,000. Too many round numbers on a return are a symptom that something fishy may be going on.
• Too many charitable contributions — Charity is good, but too much charity can raise a red flag. If the average person in your income bracket donates about $1000 to charity and you claim you donated $5000, you’re going to increase the odds of an audit. Be sure to save your receipts!
• Participating in tax scams — The IRS is trained to deal with common evasion attempts.
• High itemized deductions — Again, anything too far from the averages is likely to bring your return to the attention of the IRS. There’s nothing wrong with claiming all of the deductions to which you are entitled, but be aware that if you have a lot of itemizations, you’re more likely to be audited.
• Disagreements between state and Federal returns — This is another example of how sloppiness can hurt you. Be sure that your information matches on both your state and Federal returns.

Here’s the original Money Magazine article. (Curiously, the online version is slightly different than the magazine article.)

Small Businesses Taxes
Having a small business is itself a flag of sorts. Some people use small businesses as a tax dodge, a way to write off expenses, and so the IRS keeps a close eye on small-business owners.

• Being self-employed — Filing a Schedule C isn’t a guarantee that you’ll be audited. But, as my accountant told me the other day, the IRS doesn’t like to see “a small Schedule C that you continue to show losses on while you have a regular job”. For more information, check out this IRS page: Is it a business or a hobby?
• Home offices — There have been several articles on major sites recently touting the tax advantages of a home office, but you’ve got to be careful. This is a huge red flag. For more information, here are some home office deduction reminders from the IRS web site.
• Family members on the payroll — One common tax dodge is to “hire” a family member in order to take more money out of a business. There’s nothing wrong with employing family members as long as they’re actually working.
• Unlikely business deductions — It can be tempting for small-business owners to claim new “toys” as business deductions. That Nintendo Wii? Not a business expense unless you’re reviewing games with the intention to make a profit. That trip to New York? Not a business expense unless it serves a legitimate purpose. Don’t try to play cute.
• Excessive entertainment deductions — This is one that has me worried. I’ve only just recently begun to take people out to lunch with my business card. I’m careful to only use this card if we’re actually discussing something related to writing or blogging, but even so I wonder if I ought not just pay out of personal funds.

Audit flags do not necessarily lead to actual audits. They don’t even mean there’s something wrong with the return. They simply indicate that a tax return is more likely to be checked by an actual human being, and therefor more likely to get audited than another return. (And remember: the IRS always selects a certain number of people to audit completely at random.)

Most of these red flags aren’t an issue for the average wage-earner who is filing an honest return. Some — like the home office deduction — may trigger an audit even if legitimate. But if you’ve played fair with the government, you don’t need to worry. The New York State Society of CPAs writes:

Don’t hesitate to take deductions you can substantiate. CPAs emphasize that these precautions should not suggest that taxpayers avoid claiming legitimate deductions. On the contrary, you should take every deduction you are legally entitled to take, as long as you retain supporting documentation.

The best defense against an audit is to be honest. Report all of your income. Don’t try to fudge things. Use tax preparation software or an accountant if you’re nervous about getting things right. But even if you have a professional prepare your return, check it for obvious errors. Be sure the numbers make sense. Save your receipts.

The following sources were used while preparing this article:

• Money magazine: File a squeaky-clean 1040
• Your Money Matters: Who does Uncle Sam audit?
• Total Tax Solutions: How to avoid an audit
• Inc. Magazine: Red flags, dealing with the IRS
• New York State Society of CPAs: Don’t be an IRS audit target: Avoid waving red flags
• And, of course, the IRS web site, which is surprisingly useful

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This article is about Hints and Tips, Taxes